Wk+5

=**Wk 5**=

**1. 10 principles of new urbanism:**

**1. Walkability**
 * Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work
 * Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets) - Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases

**2. Connectivity**
 * Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking - A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys - High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking pleasurable

**3. Mixed-Use & Diversity**
 * A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site.
 * Mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings
 * Diversity of people - of ages, classes, cultures, and races

**4. Mixed Housing**
 * A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity

**5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design**
 * Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place
 * Special placement of civic uses and sites within community.
 * Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">**6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Discernible center and edge - Public space at center - Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic artContains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">The Transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat assessment with zoning methodology for community design.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">The professional boundary between the natural and man-made disappears, enabling environmentalists to asses the design of the human habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of nature. This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area along the continuum.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">**7. Increased Density** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live. - New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">**8. Smart Transportation** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods together - Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">**9. Sustainability** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations - Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems - Energy efficiency - Less use of finite fuels - More local production - More walking, less driving

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">**10. Quality of Life** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">**2. Describe why "The sum of human happiness increases because of New Urbanism" - [|Andres Duany] ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">There are several reasons and benefits as to why Andres Duany would link human happiness with new urbanisms. New urbanism brings to society, not just as an individual, but also for corporations, municipalities and developers. If you add all of the principles of new urbanism together, you end up providing a higher quality of life for residents by providing places for people to interact and live. Consequently, by creating pedestrian friendly communities, or communities which promote the use of alternate transportation, you end up decreasing traffic congestion and the pollution.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">For Businesses the principles of new urbanism promises an increased in sales and also in profits. The close proximity of businesses to residents - there is no need to spend money in advertising (perhaps you will still put ads, but you won’t spend as much). Consumers will probably save money by not commuting and as a result that money can be spent in other products or services.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">There are also benefits that can be linked with developers. One of the benefits which I found was the most interesting is that if developers adopted the principles of new urbanisms, there is an increased likelihood that the public will accept the project being proposed, and because the acceptance will be high the possibility of selling the property/project will increase dramatically.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">With municipalities, because all principles lead to a greater involvement, resistance from communities will be either minimized or non-existent. Another aspect that shows up is that new urbanism can improve the community image, making it a place that attract a lot of new people, a lot of more movement, and a lot of more possibilities.

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">**3. Six energy strategies that are used in order to create zero-energy housing units include:**
 * 1) Make compact housings. Geo homes range from 750 square feet to 2,400 square feet. Town houses or multi-family building increases energy efficiency.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Innovate the building enclosure through automated interior insulated shades. Shades will allow solar heat into the house during the day and it will keep the heat in the house at night.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Geo-As <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">sisted Energy Recovery Ventilation System. Uses geothermal energy to heat or cool (depending on the season) the majority if nights. It refers to extracting energy from the Earth's underground as a way to moderate the temperature in the outside.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Geothermal Domestic hot water and space heating
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Passive Solar - units will take advantage of both active and passive solar energy.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Solar Photovoltaic

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">[|http://www.solaripedia.com/13/242/geos_is_zero_energy_community_(colorado).html]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">**4. Describe how the automobile has transformed the American (and Canadian) city.** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">The introduction of the car in the American and Canadian city brought obvious changes. Among this was the increase in jobs, factories in order to provide for the high demand companies were forced to increase manual labor. Another obvious change is that distances became shorter. The automobile allowed people to travel long distances in short amounts of time and since cars eased up transportation, many people began to move into the suburbs. The suburbs grew exponentially, it became a place with high economic activity, for example people began to own houses instead of renting apartments in the city.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">Although all of the above are positive effects, it is also important to consider the negative effects. Once the automobile was introduced, the contamination of the environment accelerated. The automobile has also made a lot of people lazy, the comfort of moving in a vehicle has had serious effects on our health (we don’t walk as much).


 * 5. Describe the three- or four-stage transportation chronology for the American city mapped out by historians.**

The four-stage transportation chronology is meant to demonstrate how automobiles have transformed cities. The three-or-four stage transportation chronology for the American city is divided in the next time periods:

• Marked by compact cities and towns • Streets were narrowed and unpaved • Many cities and towns had large central square and open markets which served to buy and sell goods and also as a meeting place. • Few means of transportation (Mainly consisted in walking and horseback).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">1st stage: Walking city (pre-1880) **

• Industrialization increased migration into the city • Middle and Upper class fled into the suburbs, while the working class remained in the cities. • Low-fare electric streetcars were introduced. They replaced the slower means of transportation found in the walking city. • Increase in population growth led to a high demand for public and private services.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">2nd stage: Streetcar city (1880-1920) **

• Arose after WW1 • Long distance communications along with the automobile contributed to the changes that took place within this time frame.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">3rd stage: Automobile city (post-1920) **

• Highways make up a high percentage of the total surface transportation network • Can accommodate great volumes of traffic • Superimpose the existing transportation grids within the city • Conflict between aesthetic and city image with the functioning and purpose of a freeway
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px;">4th stage: “freeway” period (post-1945) **

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